Embryonic Stem Cells Research Essays - 2785 Words

Embryonic stem cells research is a very conflicting subject in the United States. Some people think that it is morally and religiously incorrect as they are killing a human life at the first stage of life. While some think it is ok because the human life to them starts at the stage of the fetus. In this paper we are going to discuss the total aspect meaning: how the government takes playThe intention of this research paper is to inform about the benefits of animal testing for humankind through the development of medical treatments and the quality of life throughout history. Also try to persuade the society that is opposed to this practice about the many positive factors that has given us the animal experiments in the battle against†¦show more content†¦Based on this, the hypothesis is that animal testing is a gift of life and hope for everyone. The main purpose of animal testing is that it helps in the search for drugs and treatments to improve health and medicine. Keep in mind that many medical procedures have been made possible by animal experimentation, like HIV and cancer drugs, insulin, antibiotics, vaccines and many more. We can conclude that some experiments are considered essential for treatment of diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer’s. Also the procedures to treat heart disease as is the case of open heart and lung surgery, coronary bypass improves blood flow to the heart, and the replacement of a defective heart valve. We should also mention the techniques and equipment for renal dialysis. Radiation therapy also was tested first in mice and rats. The cure for measles, smallpox, blood transfusions, and microsurgery to reattach severed limbs. In other promising research on lessons of the spinal cord and paralysis, so-called neurological, trying to find ways to repair nerve tissue and restore movement. These are some of the reasons why the scientific community and much of society support this practice. Which shows that without animal te sting, many humans, and also animals would not be alive today, would not have been possible to eradicate many pests that plague mankind.Show MoreRelatedEmbryonic Of Stem Cell Research Essay1576 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Francois Rabelais, the famous Renaissance humanist, once said, â€Å"Science without conscience is the death of the soul† (Rabelais, Francois). Since the late 1960’s, this has been the stance for opponents of embryonic stem cell research. This is saying, if we are willing to take a fertilized embryo and kill it before it has even had time to develop, where is our conscience, our heart? We consider this form of stem cell research to be immoral and unethical. ScientistsRead MoreEmbryonic Of Stem Cell Research942 Words   |  4 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell is when you have to destroy the egg inside, thus rendering that egg to become a human. The Stem Cell is put into a petri dish where it will be cultured and feed nutrients (Bethesda). The Stem Cell is almost like a blank code, It can replenish a part of the body that is hurt or has a disease (Bigloo). Stem cells can be programed any where in the body to fix the issue. When the stem cell divides it will keep pro ducing till the part of the body is back to normal (Bethesda). StemRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1292 Words   |  6 PagesEmbryonic stem cells research is the most debated type of stem cell research. The moral standings of embryonic stem cell research have been debated since the research started. The side against the research claims that it is wrong to value one’s life above another and that the elimination of the most basic form of life is murder. While the side supporting the research claims that the research could bring about the cure for many types of diseases and help save the lives of millions. Embryonic stemRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1460 Words   |  6 Pages I believe that embryonic stem cell research should be allowed in the United States. From previous encounters with the topic I have learned that the many benefits that can come from stem cell research are without a doubt astounding and unimaginable. There are simpl y endless possibilities that can arise if the research was allowed to be conducted. From giving back vision to rebuilding tissue, any advance in stem cell research would be beneficial to the medical world. With the help that the advancesRead MoreEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Essay710 Words   |  3 PagesResearch on stem embryonic stem cells We live in a world where genetic sciences have gone beyond laws, and past the imagination. We have come to a point where we don’t know anymore what is right, and what is wrong. We have to decide. In fact, studies are made on embryonic stem cells that for now have the purpose to better our overall health. These stem cells are extracted from extra IVF embryos; they are used and destroyed. While it’s true that this research could cure serious illnesses as Parkinson’sRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research931 Words   |  4 Pages Embryonic stem cell research is the study of stem cells derived from the undifferentiated inner mass cells of a human embryo. For many years now, the ethics of embryonic stem cell research has been argued. A recent advance in this line of research is the ability to clone the embryonic stem cells, which allows for researchers to create a completely compatible embryonic stem cell to the individual’s tissue type. Though thi s new science may be very beneficial, not everyone can agree on the ethics ofRead MoreThe Debate Of Embryonic Stem Cell Research1711 Words   |  7 PagesEmbryonic stem cell research is a hot topic of debate in our modern age, as scientific development continues to push the boundaries of ethics. The debates lies in whether or not it is helping or hindering society, as the procedure involves the manipulation of a human embryo. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from a week old human embryo (blastocyst), often developed from unused in vitro fertilised eggs. They are pluripotent, meaning they are capable of undergoing directed differentiation andRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research1625 Words   |  7 PagesProduction and the Scientific and Therapeutic Use of Human Embryonic Stem Cells, the Pontifical Academy for Life presents the field of stem cell research with a statement regarding the official Roman Catholic position on the moral aspects of acquiring and using human embryonic stem cells.  They have declared that it is not morally legitimate to produce or use human embryos as a source of stem cells, nor is it acceptable to use stem cells from cell lines already established. Thus, bringing up the conflictingRead More Embryonic Stem Cell Research Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology has allowed for a new understanding of stem cells and further developments in research. The use of stem ce lls in regenerative medicine may hold significant benefits for those suffering from degenerative diseases. To avail such advancements in stem cell research could see the alleviation or complete cure of afflictions that take the lives of millions worldwide each year. (McLaren, 2001) A stem cell 1 is able differentiate into any somatic cell found in the human body, including those identicalRead MoreHuman Embryonic Stem Cell Research2490 Words   |  10 PagesFederal Government to fund stem cell research through the National Institute of Health. There are various types of stem cells, but the policy issue mainly covers human embryonic stem cells. This policy revokes President George W. Bush s executive order 13435 which put heavy limitations on federal funding for stem cell research. Although this policy has already taken effect, there are still bans and immense regulation on particular methods of human embryonic stem cell extraction that involve the

Questions On Gross National Expenditure Essay - 986 Words

Economics Assignment 1 HALINA BINTI HUSSAIN 792153 Question 1 Gross National Expenditure (GNE) is defined as the aggregate national expenditure by all residents of a specific country on final goods and services, namely in the form of private consumption expenditure (C), investments (I) and government expenditure (G). The calculation of GNE does not take into account the origin of the goods and services. GNE and GDP(E) are different. GNE accounts for all final goods and services bought in a specific country including those bought from abroad also known as imports (M). For example, some households may spend on locally produced Peter’s ice cream while other residents may purchase Hà ¤agen-Dazs ice cream imported from USA. Despite their origin, both ice creams are accounted for in GNE. GDP(E) however, is only interested in measuring residents’ expenditure on domestically produced products as well as those goods and services produced domestically but sold in the foreign market known as exports (X). Hence, imports are deducted from the calculation of GNE whilst exports are added in order to arrive at GDP (E). In some circumstances, GDP(E) and GNE can be equal which is when no goods and services are imported nor exported. Another situation would be when total imports equals to total exports, hence trade balance would be zero. Question 2 In a closed economy, it is assumed that the total level of real production (Y) is dependent on the inputs of labour (L) and capitalShow MoreRelatedMacroeconomics641 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction to Economics EF 110 Take home exercise Due date: Wednesday 27th April 6pm 2011 This assignment must be submitted via moodle EF110 homepage. This assignment accounts for 10% of the final module grade Answer all questions. Marks awarded for each question can be clearly seen. This is an individual test and while it is expected that you may consult notes, etc, the final work shown should be your work alone. Your signature below will be taken as fulfilling the usual declaration thatRead MoreGross Domestic Product Is The Value Of Goods Produced And Services1236 Words   |  5 PagesGross Domestic Product, also known as GDP, is defined as the value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year. Gross Domestic Product is important in the culture of economics because in the United States, we use it to measure the well-being of the economy. Gross Domestic Product is measured in quarters, there are four quarters in one economic year. Say the Gross Domestic Product is down 10% in Quarter One and then in Quarter Two the Gross Domestic Product has gone up byRead MoreThe Study of Macroeconomics1507 Words   |  7 PagesMacroeconomic Questions †¢ Why do output and employment sometimes fall and how can unemployment be reduced? †¢ What are the sources of price inflation and how can it be kept under control? †¢ How can a nation increase its rate of economic growth? †¢ Objectives of Macroeconomics OUTPUT †¢ high level and rapid growth of output †¢ to provide goods and services that the population desires †¢ most comprehensive measure of total output in an economy is the gross domestic product / gross national product Read MoreDescription Of An Seasonally Adjusted Data1668 Words   |  7 PagesSubject Code: ECON10003 Subject Name: Introductory Macroeconomics Student ID Number: 762224 Student Name: Laura Walker Assignment Name or Number: 1 TUTOR: Saqib Manzoor TUTORIAL: Tuesday 8:00am – 9:00am QUESTION ONE a. Seasonally adjusted data March quarter 2014 - March quarter 2015 December quarter 2014 - March quarter 2015 Australia 2.3% 0.9% United States 2.9% 0.14966% (≈0.150%) (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2015) (Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of CommerceRead MoreEconomic Model Of Supply And Demand788 Words   |  4 Pagescapital Fiscal Deficit GDP Debt Net exports Consumer Price Index Producer Price Index Consumption spending Investment Inflation Production Possibility Curve II. ESSAY QUESTIONS. Answer any TWO questions. Answer all parts of each question that you choose. 1. a) What is Supply ? What is Demand ? b) Develop a model of a market, utilizing supply and demand. What are the dominant variables or parameters ? c) What is a shortageRead MoreDifference Between The And Australia1390 Words   |  6 PagesQUESTION ONE a. Seasonally adjusted data March quarter 2014 - March quarter 2015 December quarter 2014 - March quarter 2015 Australia 2.3% 0.9% United States 2.9% 0.14966% (≈0.150%) (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2015) (Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, 2015) There is a slight difference in growth change over the past year for the US and Australia (by 0.6%). The difference between the respective levels of growth over the December quarter 2014 – March quarter 2015 is greaterRead MoreEcon984 Words   |  4 Pagesslot marked for your section in the white assignment collection box on the 2nd floor of Dunning Hall. Late assignments will not be accepted. †¢ Use the Cover Page when submitting assignments. Place diagrams for particular questions with your answers to those questions. †¢ Group Work: Maximum four per group, all students must be registered in the same section of the same course. Names must be in alphabetical order on the cover page. †¢ Graded work will be available for pick-up beginningRead MoreThe Value Of The National Debt906 Words   |  4 PagesThe Actual National Debt When the economists talk about the national debt, they talk about the ratio of the national debt to the Gross Domestic Product. Well, why do they compare those two concepts, instead of just giving us the sum of the national debt? In order to answer this question we will have to define what is the national debt, and what is the GDP. The National Debt The National Debt is the sum of all past federal deficits, minus any surpluses. (Rittenberg, L. and Tregarthen, T., 2012). ToRead MoreAssignment 2: What Is Gross Domestic Product?988 Words   |  4 PagesGo to the following website: www.bea.gov/index.htm Based on the information contained on the website above, answer the following questions: 1. What was Real GDP for 2009? The Real GDP for 2009 was 13,973.7 (NIPA Tables 1.1.5, 2012) a. What does GDP tell us? The GDP gives information regarding the country’s economy in regards to total money value on all final goods and services that are produced in the economy over any given time frame - annually or quarterly. Real GDP accounts for priceRead MoreGovernment Spending On Welfare And The Gross Domestic Product1673 Words   |  7 Pageswelfare is one of the biggest categories. Expenditure on welfare is directly extracted from government statistics[1]. There has been a great debate as to whether government spending on welfare has any relationship with the size of a country’s GDP[2]. As such, this research is meant to demystify the situation. The purpose of carrying out this research is to examine any underlying correlation between the government spending in welfare of the people and the gross domestic product. There are two hypotheses

The Four Contexts of Motivation Free Essays

Malcolm Knowles’ research in adult motivational learning produced four â€Å"distinct contexts†; Practical, Personal, Experiential, and Idealistic. The Practical context is motivated by a direct desired benefit result received from the learning such as a specific employment position, for financial wisdom and gain, or to apply the learning towards greater competency and confidence in making life decisions in situations anywhere from family to work, or even building that dream house that may have previously thought to be unattainable. The Personal context involves motivation directed by self fulfillment goals to overall better oneself and therein the quality of life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Four Contexts of Motivation or any similar topic only for you Order Now An adult student may for example want to learn in this context to increase self worth. Experiential learning differs from the other contexts in that one draws from real-life and past experiences motivated by a desire for renewal by consolidating with more current and forward ideas with the goal of improving and refreshing their experience. The final Idealistic context motivation attracts those who just desire to continuously learn for the sake of the ongoing discovery of knowledge and new ideas throughout their lifespan. Learning wine tasting may be a venture for this type of learner. My learning motivation is Experiential. Professionally I have experienced a long career in the Human Resources field and held BA degree positions despite the fact that I did not have one. I do have my PHR but have learned mostly in a hands-on context. I have experienced both successful and unsuccessful situations during my career. I started my college education years ago and have procrastinated about returning for many years. I finally came to the realization that I need that degree and everything it offers in order to become more competent and confident in my business decisions. The unsuccessful situations I have experienced were due to my lack of a solid educational background. When I lacked the educational background to perform some of the tasks I was assigned I became panicked, stressed and found it necessary to be reactive. My motto during those times became ‘‘fake it until you make it! †. That attitude eventually caught up with me and forced me to face what I was missing. It took my losing a couple of positions to overcome the denial I was in. I know that I need this degree to enhance my performance and definitely for organizational development. I am know on a serious mission to complete this goal and believe attending Ashford University will give me the competency, knowledge and confidence I need to be successful resulting in a much happier and less stressful lifestyle. How to cite The Four Contexts of Motivation, Essay examples

Recognition in the Market for Qualityâ€Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About the Recognition in the Market for Quality? Answer: Introduction The company Cravings for Cakes Pty ltd. has recognition in the market for the quality manufacturing of cakes and pastries that delights the taste buds of the customers. Initially, which marks to be a period that is twenty years ago, the company just has the capability of offering only three ranges of the products which were pies, finger buns and lamingtons. Large volumes of these product lines were being produced with immense hard work. Twenty years ago, the company was not technological advanced and therefore, focused more on being labor intensive and adopted the usage of simple machineries that were not technologically advanced. However, talking about the current scenario, along with the production of the pies, finger buns and lamingtons, the company has excelled in the manufacturing of the food products such as Danish pastries, donuts and vanilla slices. Over the past twenty years, the company had undergone various changes in terms of accounting, management, production process and technology. There is an increased emphasis on the quality and delivery performance. This is the reason that the company now witnesses technological advancements in the term of installing of computer-controlled mixing machines and ovens that has shifted the focus of the company from being labor intensive to capital intensive. However, the company faces certain issues as the profits are being declining, over the years. There is a sudden need for the company to enhance the sales volume, in particular for those products that ensures high marginality Over the last twenty years, the company has witnessed changes in various aspects related to the cost structure, accounting, management, production processes and technology. The cost structure of the company has changed majorly as the company has shifted its focus from being labor intensive to capital intensive. The cost structure of a company refers to the part of fixed as well as variable costs that occurs during the operations of a business (University of California, 2016). It comprises of fixed cost as well as variable costs. Fixed cost refers to those cost that shall be generated irrespective of the sales volume and profit margins. On the other hand, the variable cost is the one that differs or varies on the basis of the level of the output produced. For the company Craving for Cakes Pty Ltd. the costing structure constitutes of fixed and variable costs. The fixed cost of the company constitutes of the rent as well as the salary of the employees on monthly basis. No matter what t he output level of the company is, the company has to incur these cost for the continuity of the business(Grayson, 2017). Talking about the variable cost, there are certain cost that constitutes to be the one which includes the cost for direct material, overheads, period cost, sunk cost, transaction cost and direct labor. The variable cost of the company Cravings for Cakes depends upon the level of output that is being produced. For the production purpose the variable cost is related to the ingredients (sugar, wheat, spices, wheat, eggs, flavors, salt), supplies and packaging materials which includes packing paper, ribbons, containers, tape etc., transaction cost that is incurred while procuring the raw materials and also when the final delivery has to be made to the customers (Keythman, 2017). The reasons for the change in the cost structure of the company Cravings for Cakes Pty ltd. were: Growing Automation: The growth of automation in the past few years have been a major reason in the change of the cost structure. This is so because the control systems for the sake of managing the machineries and production related equipments have been upgraded and have become advanced to such an extent that now the company has shifted its focus from labor intensive to become capital intensive(Autogrow, 2017). Earlier, the company was labor intensive and was not involved in heavy usage of the machineries. but, with the change in time, and growth in the automation, the company installed computer-controlled mixing machines as well as the ovens that replaced a lot of direct labor operations. With the installation of new and upgraded technological devices the company witnessed a change in the cost structure. Greater Product Diversity: With the increase in the product lines of a company, the cost structure of a company changes. Same is the case with the company Cravings for Cakes, as twenty years ago, the company was only involved in the production of three food products which were pies, finger buns and lamingtons. These products were being produced at large volumes. But gradually after years, the company has added more products in its range which are Danish cookies, donuts and vanilla slices. As the product line increases, the need for raw material such as ingredients, packing materials, electricity etc. also increases, which contributes in the change of the cost structure (Sschoute, 2011). Investment in Downstream Activities: downstream activities refers to the activities that the company is engaged in after the production of the final desired product. The aim is to assist the sales of the product produced. In order to stimulate and increase the sales volume, the Company Cravings for Cakes, invested in the downstream activities. For designing such activities, the sale steam was welcomed to give their viewpoints as they have an idea about the demand and preferences of the customers. The company is now focusing on enhancing its performance and quality and desires to offer value in return of the money of the customers. The company has engaged its resources in promotional activities in order to get an estimate that whether the customers are ready to pay higher prices for their products or not and about the taste and preference of the customers that shall result in increased sales in the future. hence, the cost incurred for promotional and downstream activities has changed the cost structure (Thompson, 2017). The Company Cravings for Cakes produces a large volume of Lamington and Danish pastries. Whether the current costing system understates or overstates the cost of Lamington and Danish pastries can be ascertained through the following factors: Cost Assignment: The cost is being assigned to each product through the way of direct and indirect cost. These direct and indirect cost includes various other costs such as cost of ingredients, depreciation or repairing of the equipment used for production, electricity, and direct labor cost. The cost per unit of each of the food product can be calculated by adding the material used, the direct cost of labor and the overhead expenses. Overhead expenses are not direct expenses but are incurred in the process of carrying out the production. It depends on the demand of the particular product (BusinessDictionary, 2017). Comparison of Overheads: Overhead expenses includes the cost that is incurred while doing the business. It refers to the expenses that are categorized as non-labor expenses (Amelia, 2015). In comparison to the Danish pastries, the overhead expenses of the food product Lamington are higher under present costing system. Distribution of Overhead: The overhead rate consists of two types which are plant wide overhead rate and departmental overhead rate. The plant wide overhead rates are preferred mostly by the small sized organizations as it enables the company to apportion the overhead product cost for manufacturing. It is calculated by dividing the manufacturing overhead expenses with the cost driver level (Averkamp, 2017). On the other hand, departmental overhead rate is preferred when the company is engaged in the various product lines, as it is depended on the direct as well the indirect overhead costs of the department. It is calculated by dividing the departmental manufacturing overhead with the departmental cost of driver (AccountingTools, 2017). The company is using traditional costing system. In this costing system, total cost of production is calculated based on the volume of production of different products. This system does not consider the actual amount of resources that are being used for manufacturing any product. The system allocates resources equally to all types of products irrespective of difference in manufacturing process. Lamington: Based on current costing system used by company, overhead cost of Lamington is greater as it is produced in large quantities. It can be said that company is overstating cost of Lamington. This is because current costing system fails to consider saving in machine setup and material handling cost owing to large volume. Danish Pastry: The company is understating the cost of Danish Pastry. This is because traditional costing system used by company does not take into consideration cost incurred due to complex procedure and large machineries setup cost needed for production of Danish Pastry. Activity based accounting refers to a framework that enables the organization to allocate the different activities as well as assign the production cost that is related with the activities. This type of accounting also enables to allocate the resources which are required for the production of the products and services depending up on the definite utilization (Investopedia, 2017). There are certain ways through which the activity based accounting is able to overcome the deficiencies of the existing costing systems, which are as follows: Accurate Product Cost: the activity based costing emphasizes on the cause and effect relationship and hence, enables the organization to have an accurate and reliable result regarding the cost of its product. When compared with the existing costing systems, the ABC system ensures the organization that the increased number of activities, increases the cost. In the case of the company Cravings for Cakes, the existing accounting system is overstating the product Lamington and is understating Danish pastries. In such case, the adoption of the ABC system shall help in knowing the accurate cost for each product. Information About Cost Behavior: the ABC system helps in identifying the area of increasing costs and helps in reduction of the costs which results in no product value addition. The managers involved in the ABC system has the skills and authority to manage the overhead cost by limiting the fixed overhead costs. For the company, the ABC system will help in creating a balance with the overhead costs of the products being produced, especially the Lamington and Danish pastries of which the overhead cost of is overstating and understating. Optimum Utilization: the ABC system ensures the optimum utilization of resources. For the company, the ABC system is beneficial as it will ensure maximum output with the use of minimum output and that too with a decreased cost. The system allocated the required resources and identifies the action plan activities that reduces ambiguity and ensures a reduction in prices as well (Agarwal, 2017). The factors influencing the choice of Activity Based Costing are (Maelah Ibrahim, 2007): Overheads: overheads refer to the indirect expenses incurred while doing the business. The ABC system must be adopted when the overheads are higher as well as the company or organization is involved in offering various product lines. Business Type: If the company is involved in the business of making customized products for the customers, then the ABC system shall not be effective as the business process is simple and the simple job costing can be used. Cost Drivers: Cost Drivers refers to the factors that drives the fixed and variable costs for a production process. These cost drivers increase with the increase in the number of activities involved in the production process. If the number of production activities is low, then ABC system is not favorable, as simple accounting methods shall serve the purpose (Nelson, 2017). References AccountingTools. (2017). Departmental Overhead Rate . Retrieved from https://www.accountingtools.com/departmental-overhead-rate Agarwal, R. (2017). Advantages and Demerits of Activity Based Costing (ABC). Retrieved from Yourarticlelibrary.com: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/accounting/costing/advantages-and-demerits-of-activity-based-costing-abc/52617/ Amelia, S. (2015, February 6). 6 Easy Steps to Determine Your Baking Overhead Costs. Retrieved from Bakecalc.com: https://www.bakecalc.com/blog/6-easy-steps-to-determine-your-baking-overhead-costs/ Autogrow. (2017). Intelligent Automation . Retrieved from https://www.autogrow.com/ Averkamp, H. (2017). AC. Retrieved from https://www.accountingcoach.com: https://www.accountingcoach.com/blog/what-is-a-plant-wide-overhead-rate BusinessDictionary. (2017). Cost assignment . Retrieved from https://www.businessdictionary.com: https://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/cost-assignment.html Grayson, L. (2017). What Impact Does a Fixed Cost Have on a Company's Operating Leverage? Retrieved from Smallbusiness.chron.com: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/impact-fixed-cost-companys-operating-leverage-36124.html Investopedia. (2017). Activity-Based Costing - ABC . Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/abc.asp Keythman, B. (2017). List of Variable Costs for a Bakery. Retrieved from Yourbusiness.azcentral.com: https://yourbusiness.azcentral.com/list-variable-costs-bakery-24210.html Maelah, R., Ibrahim, D. N. (2007). Factors Influencing The Activity Based Costing (ABC) Adoption In Manufacturing Industry. Investment Management and Financial Innovations. Nelson, S. L. (2017). Should You Use Activity-Based Costing In A Small Business? Retrieved from Dummies.com: https://www.dummies.com/business/accounting/should-you-use-activity-based-costing-in-a-small-business/ Sschoute, M. (2011). The relationship between product diversity, usage of advanced manufacturing technologies and activity-based costing adoption. The British Accounting Review, 120-134. Thompson, S. (2017). Upstream and Downstream Activities for a Marketing Director. Retrieved from Chron: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/upstream-downstream-activities-marketing-director-74470.html University of California. (2016). Cost Structure. Retrieved from https://gsvc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Cost-Structure_Business-Model-Generation.pdf