Rousseau and the General Will †Government (300 Level Course)

Rousseau and the General Will – Government (300 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Rousseau and the General Will Government (300 Level Course) The general will is defined by Jean Jacque Rousseau as the common good of all of the people that live in the state. While this explanation of general will is vague, Rousseau does in fact delve deeper into a working definition of it by expressing its crucial role in the creation of a strong and fair government. Yet merely defining the term does not give justice to its meaning. One may ask where general will is indeed cultivated, in other words, from where did it come? Also, is it in fact necessary in a society to promote freedom to its people? These questions require a simple analysis of Rousseau’s work, which has had and will continue to have lasting impressions on modern political thought. For Rousseau, the general will is not just important, it is crucial for the existence of a strong and fair government. Though it is defined easily as the good of all, when instituted in the world it becomes much more than that. The general will therefore are the overall welfare of the whole (state) at any given time and the source of all governing laws. And while it pertains to all of the members of the state, that is where it stops, as it does not apply to those living outside of the lines of that society. Interestingly, it is not a tangible thing that can be grasped and unraveled, it is more of an evasive presence that is present always and acknowledged by those living with it and around it. In this way, Rousseau dodges a literal definition of general will. It must then exist more in the readers mind than in a physical sense. These characteristics suit the general will more appropriately. Knowing the meaning of the general will does not explain where the theory was cultivated. While the general will is implemented and adhered to by the government, it never really exists in their hands. It is the citizen’s actions together that create the existence of this will. Rousseau states that virtue is achieved through a combination of general will and particular will, still it seems as if at times the two overlap. Furthermore, it is stated that to will at all a citizen must be free and must will between public liberty and the authority of government. This would mean that the citizen find a happy medium somewhere between total freedom and the restrictions that government places upon their actions. Once the will is established it must be followed for there to be any hope of a popular and legitimate government existing. And in this government, the legislator, who makes the laws, must do so in a way that they reflect benefit to the general will and in any case where th e law may fail, the general will would be consulted for a quick resolution. The best for all in the state is the ultimate goal of the general will be both cultivated and implemented. This leads to the question of whether or not the state needs to adhere to this general will in order to promote freedom. Even after long deliberations no clear answer comes to mind for this perplexing question. It is clear that the general will is dependent on those that are free to create it, but that is not the question at hand. When thinking about promoting freedom, Rousseau clearly states that the general will is always on the side most favorable to the public interest, and it is known that general will exists as a pervasive force and that is a direct product of the individual and their thoughts and contributions to society as a whole. So it can be broken down even further so as to say what if there was no general will, if there is no concern for the good of all, or worse yet, no general good? Not only will the citizens run amok, but also the government could be in a position to impose limitations on its citizens and the state would resemble a dictatorship. Likewise, a situ ation could in fact arise in which the state does adhere to a Rousseauian general will, yet the people are constantly asking themselves to distinguish between good or bad, or even right and wrong. That would be a case in which the general will placed constraints on the people and thus they would not truly be experiencing freedom. Therefore both situations could easily exist and while it may be fair to say that many citizens that enjoy freedom were both assisting and enjoying the general will it does not guarantee freedom. So as no clear-cut answer arises immediately, by creating a scenario it can be deduced that the general will can produce freedom but a state does not have to adhere to the general will in order to assure it. Thus while the general will may have a number of meanings, the reader can interpret it as the common good of all. Not only can it be known as this common good, but also it is the source of laws and when those laws are not effective, the general will acts as the mediator that can settle any differences. The free citizens that have to execute it and place it somewhere between their own personal liberty and the authority of the government that rules them cultivate the will. And ultimately while it may lead to freedom of people a strict adherence to the general will may not automatically result in the enjoyable peace of all those citizens of the state. For that it seems that a balance is needed to create success in the general will. This balance must be somewhere between the private will and the general will of all those that live and work the state. That is what Rousseau meant by his general will. 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Clerestory Windows in Architectural Design

Clerestory Windows in Architectural Design A clerestory window is a large window or series of small windows along the top of a structures wall, usually at or near the roof line. Clerestory windows are a type of fenestration or glass window placement found in both residential and commercial construction. A clerestory wall often rises above adjoining roofs. In a large building, like a gymnasium or train station, the windows will be positioned to allow light to illuminate a large interior space. A smaller home may have a band of narrow windows along the very top of a wall. Originally, the word clerestory (pronounced CLEAR-story) referred to the upper level of a church or cathedral. The Middle English word clerestorie means clear story, which describes how an entire story of height was cleared to bring natural light to sizable interiors. Designing With Clerestory Windows Designers who wish to maintain wall space and interior privacy AND keep a room well-lighted often use this type of window arrangement for both residential and commercial projects. It is one way to use architectural design to help your home out of the darkness. Clerestory windows are most often used to naturally illuminate (and often ventilate) large spaces such as sports arenas, transportation terminals, and gymnasiums. As modern sports stadiums and arenas became enclosed, with and without retractable roofing systems, the clerestory lens, as its called on the 2009 Cowboys Stadium, became more common. Early Christian Byzantine architecture featured this type of fenestration to shed overhead light into the massive spaces builders were beginning to construct. Romanesque- era designs expanded the technique as medieval basilicas achieved more grandeur from height. The architects of Gothic-era cathedrals made clerestories an art form. Some say it was  American architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-1959) who adapted that Gothic art form to residential architecture. Wright was an early promoter of natural light and ventilation, no doubt in response to working in the Chicago area during the height of Americas industrialization. By 1893 Wright had his prototype for the Prairie Style in the Winslow House, showing second-story windows under the enormous eave overhang. By 1908 Wright was still struggling with a perfectly beautiful design when he wrote: ...often I used to gloat over the beautiful buildings I could build if only it were unnecessary to cut holes in them.... The holes, of course, are the windows and doors. By the time Wright was marketing his Usonian homes, the clerestory windows had become an important part of both the interior design, as seen in the 1939 Rosenbaum house in Alabama, and the exterior design, as in the 1950 Zimmerman House in New Hampshire. The best way to light a house is Gods way - the natural way.... Wright wrote  in The Natural House, a 1954 classic book on American architecture. The best natural way, according to Wright, is to place the clerestory along the southern exposure of the structure. The clerestory window serves as a lantern to the house. More Definitions of Clerestory or Clearstory 1. An upper zone of wall pierced with windows that admit light to the center of a lofty room. 2. A window so placed. - Dictionary of Architecture and Construction The topmost windows of a church nave, those above the aisle roof, thus any high band of windows - G. E. Kidder Smith, FAIA A series of windows placed high on a wall. Evolved from the Gothic churches where the clerestory appeared above the aisle roofs. - John Milnes Baker, AIA Architectural Examples of Clerestory Windows Clerestory windows illuminate many of Frank Lloyd Wright-designed interior spaces, especially the Usonian home designs, including the Zimmerman House and the Toufic Kalil Home. In addition to adding clerestory windows to residential structures, Wright also used rows of glass in more traditional settings, such as his Unity Temple, Annunciation Greek Orthodox, and the original library, the Buckner Building, on the campus of Florida Southern College in Lakeland. For Wright, the clerestory window was a design choice that satisfied his aesthetic and philosophic ideals. Clerestory windows have become a mainstay of modern residential architecture. From the 1922 Schindler Chace house designed by the Austrian-born R. M. Schindler to the student designs of the Solar Decathlon competition, this type of fenestration is a popular and practical choice. Remember that this new way of design is centuries old. Look up at the great sacred places across the world. Heavenly light becomes part of the prayerful experience in synagogues, cathedrals, and mosques throughout the ages, from Byzantine to Gothic to Modern structures like architect Alvar Altos 1978 Church of the Assumption of Mary in Riola di Vergato,  Italy. As the world became industrialized, natural light from clerestory windows supplemented the gas and electric lighting of venues such as Grand Central Terminal in New York City. For a more modern transportation hub in Lower Manhattan, Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava returned to ancient architectural history, incorporating a modern oculus - a version of Romes Pantheon extreme clerestory - showing again that whats old is always new. A Selection of Clerestory Window Examples Dance Studio, Preserving Wall SpaceTurner Contemporary Gallery, David Chipperfield Architects, United KingdomKitchen, 1922 Schindler House, Los Angeles, CaliforniaKarl Kundert Medical Clinic, Frank Lloyd Wright, 1956, San Luis Obispo, CaliforniaGothic Exeter Cathedral, United KingdomItalian Byzantine Church of Saint Vitale in Ravenna, ItalySunlight Shining Into Grand Central Terminal, New York City Sources Frank Lloyd Wright On Architecture: Selected Writings (1894-1940), Frederick Gutheim, ed., Grossets Universal Library, 1941, p. 38Dictionary of Architecture and Construction, Cyril M. Harris, ed., McGraw- Hill, 1975, p. 108G. E. Kidder Smith, FAIA, Sourcebook of American Architecture, Princeton Architectural Press, 1996, p. 644.John Milnes Baker, AIA, American House Styles: A Concise Guide, Norton, 1994, p. 169Additional photo credits: Cowboy Stadium, Ronald Martinez/Getty Images (cropped); Winslow House, Raymond Boyd/ Getty Images (cropped); Alto Church, De Agostini/Getty Images (cropped); Zimmerman House, Jackie Craven

Legalize Marijuana Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legalize Marijuana - Essay Example Marijuana use also falls within the limits of a personal choice for everyone, and by making the choice to use it criminally, the United States is infringing on a personal choice. In 1857, John Stuart Mill wrote in an essay, â€Å"Over himself†¦over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign†. Marijuana usage, especially in a private home or residence, is a personal choice, and by making it criminal, the government is taking away a choice and a personal liberty. In addition, the fact that the use of marijuana is criminal is only the tip of the iceberg; in doing so, the government has forced thousands of businesses and services to institute drug-prevention programs and random testing procedures. While I do agree that some limits should probably be set to people working certain jobs if marijuana was made legal, these drug programs would not be taking money away from the business.Fifteen states and the area of Washington D.C. have passed legislation making marijuana a legal substance for medicinal purposes. While there are some stipulations, such as in thirteen out of the fifteen states proof of residency is required, and further laws are put into place regarding the growing of marijuana as opposed to simply consuming it, the fact remains that it is a legal substance. These states did what they did because they saw the benefits of having marijuana as a legal alternative to those that were in extreme pain or already suffering from a terminal illness in the first place.... Marijuana usage, especially in a private home or residence, is a personal choice, and by making it criminal, the government is taking away a choice and a personal liberty. In addition, the fact that the use of marijuana is criminal is only the tip of the iceberg; in doing so, the government has forced thousands of businesses and services to institute drug-prevention programs and random testing procedures (â€Å"American Civil Liberties Union†). While I do agree that some limits should probably be set to people working certain jobs (e.g. nuclear reactor operator, construction worker, etc.) if marijuana was made legal, these drug programs would not be taking money away from the business. Marijuana possession and usage is already legal throughout the United States, though not from shore to shore, for medicinal purposes. Fifteen states and the area of Washington D.C. have passed legislation making marijuana a legal substance for medicinal purposes (â€Å"Medical Marijuana†) . While there are some stipulations, such as in thirteen out of the fifteen states proof of residency is required, and further laws are put into place regarding the growing of marijuana as opposed to simply consuming it (â€Å"Medical Marijuana†), the fact remains that it is a legal substance. These states did what they did because they saw the benefits in having marijuana as a legal alternative to those that were in extreme pain or already suffering from a terminal illness in the first place. Even former Surgeon Generals in the government have weighed in, stating that there was overwhelming evidence that marijuana could take away the pain of an illness (â€Å"Medical Marijuana†). It is my opinion that usage and consumption

Methods Analysis and Techniques Coursework Data Analysis Essay

Methods Analysis and Techniques Coursework Data Analysis - Essay Example 19% of these children were below 18 years old. The official level of poverty changes and in relation to household size; however, in 2008 the definition of poor family changed if a single parent with two children had an income below $17,346. The Connecticut Commission on children indicates that most children living in poverty are more vulnerable to diseases than children from more a well off homes. According to this commission, most babies that are born to low-income parents experience lower birth weights hence are more vulnerable to infant mortality. Child Trends organization reports that children from poor families experience mental health such as impulsiveness, disobedience and difficulties in association with other people. Their self-esteem is low and this may affect them throughout their lives. It is clear that income is a determinant on the health conditions of a person. Therefore this study wants to determine the effect of total family income on the health condition of an indiv idual. This study will be appropriate at making conclusions about the relationship that exist between income and health conditions. This study will be important to several stakeholders including the ministries of planning and health to make appropriate policies that will improve health conditions of the citizens. Researchers, who study the effect of income on health conditions, generally seek to generalize their results from the available data to some larger context by generalizing a sample to a population. Assumptions are important aspect of empirical studies. This study, just like any other study, applies some statistical assumptions in order to achieve at the desired results. The statistical assumptions are: The independent variable of the study is income while the dependent variable is health. The study will mainly duel on correlation and regression for data analysis. Correlation coefficient is important in showing

Management Accounting Report Essay Example for Free

Management Accounting Report Essay In decision making process ambiguity, variability and uncertainty are often faced. For this reason Risk Analysis is always part of any decision making process. Even if the access to information is unprecedented even then future can’t be predicted accurately. For this reason Monte Carlo simulation is used which provides all the possible outcomes of decisions, access the impacts of risks and allow better decision making under uncertain situations. Monte Carlo Simulation: It is a computerized mathematical technique based on broad class of computer algorithms which allow people and organisations to calculate risks and hence helps in better decision making. Monte Carlo Simulation can also be termed as a problem solving technique to calculate probability of outcomes by using random variables and multiple trials which are termed as simulations (Berg, 2004). Monte Carlo Simulation is used by professionals in engineering, medicine, physics, chemists, project management, manufacturing, research and development, environmental specialists, oil and gas and several business functions. This is a reflective report in which case study of Fennel Design Project of Laura Watson company is used to predict the demand of greeting cards. The aim of the report is to speculate the situation of the Fennel Design project and also to provide a base for the companies experiencing these situations. This report uses discrete data of continuous range In this report discrete data of continuous range is used. Example of discrete data is when a coin flips in air, it have two possibilities either head or tail. Whereas, a running engine might have many temperature changes at different time intervals which is an example of continuous data. Laura Watson is a new company and so can also face these uncertainties as they don’t have any idea of when to produce, when to produce, supply and demand analysis and the situation which drives these factors. For this reason Monte Carlo Simulation is used to calculate predicted demand, risk analysis in order to provide company with useful information which then can be utilized to make timely decision making. This report is divided into three main parts. In Monte Carlo Simulation we can take as many amounts of trials to get an accurate answer. But, in the given casestudy, business manager’s Alex and Laura took one thousand trials. Number of trials increases the profit probabilities and helps in getting close results and reduces the chances of risks. In this question we have to calculate the price of the cards and for this we used Descriptive Analysis Function in Microsoft Excel. This Function automatically calculates all statistical data like mean, median, mode and standard deviation. Whereas, in task two WHAT IF analysis helps us in getting the results within the given number of trials. It creates thee situations or results which are base case scenario, best case scenario and worst case scenario. When the values of these situations are changed answer automatically changes. It is very helpful for managers in decision making. In task three risk simulation function and random functions are used which makes a balance between mean and standard deviation given in the projected demand. Rand command is used to calculate the cost of parts, random discreet method is used to. Variance Reduction is used to minimize non accurate profits. These all function enables to calculate price and predict risk. In this report every function is calculated independently to make the process easy to understand and clear. By using Monte Carlo Simulation we have calculated all the possible parameters required in the case study and also predicted the risk. It helps the managers to make quick and accurate decisions. Bibliography Berg, A. B. (2004). Markov Chain Monte Carlo Simulation and their Statistical Analysis. New Jersey: World Scientific.

Sickle Cell Anemia: A Curse and a Blessing :: Disease Health Sickness Essays Papers

Sickle Cell Anemia: A Curse and a Blessing Sickle Cell Anemia is a disease found right here in America, but in low levels compared to some areas of the world. The rate for this disease is around five times greater in certain places in Africa. That is because the potentially fatal disease Sickle Cell Anemia can also work as a sort of vaccination for another disease called malaria. First the mechanics of Sickle Cell Anemia will be discussed, then its possible benefits. Sickle Cell Anemia is an inherited condition. One gene for Sickle Cell Anemia must be inherited from each parent in order to have the disease. A person who receives a gene for Sickle Cell Anemia from one parent and a normal gene from the other has a condition called sickle cell trait. Sickle cell trait produces no symptoms or problems for most people. Sickle Cell Anemia can neither be contracted nor passed on to another person. The severity of sickle cell disease varies greatly. Some people with sickle cell disease lead lives that are nearly normal. Others are less fortunate, and can suffer from a variety of conditions. Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by a change in the chemical composition of the protein hemoglobin which is responsible for delivering oxygen throughout our bodies. Normal hemoglobin is found as a round shape, and is composed of four proteins – two alpha chains and two beta chains. The change that causes Sickle Cell Anemia occurs when an amino acid called valine is substituted for glutamic acid in both of the beta chains. This change in the composure of hemoglobin causes the shape to change when under certain conditions. Two of these conditions are low oxygen and dehydration. The hemoglobin of a person with Sickle Cell Anemia then becomes elongated and curved, hence the name sickle cell. When this happens many problems can occur, primarily blood clotting which leads to a lack of oxygen in body tissues. Other negative affects of Sickle Cell Anemia are a weakened heart because it is constantly overworked. Also, bone marrow is affected and bones become softer than usual. Whi le there is no cure for Sickle Cell Anemia there is treatment. The primary goal is to reduce the frequency of the Sickle Cell Anemia crisis episodes and maintain enough red blood cells to keep body tissues healthy. Sickle Cell Anemia: A Curse and a Blessing :: Disease Health Sickness Essays Papers Sickle Cell Anemia: A Curse and a Blessing Sickle Cell Anemia is a disease found right here in America, but in low levels compared to some areas of the world. The rate for this disease is around five times greater in certain places in Africa. That is because the potentially fatal disease Sickle Cell Anemia can also work as a sort of vaccination for another disease called malaria. First the mechanics of Sickle Cell Anemia will be discussed, then its possible benefits. Sickle Cell Anemia is an inherited condition. One gene for Sickle Cell Anemia must be inherited from each parent in order to have the disease. A person who receives a gene for Sickle Cell Anemia from one parent and a normal gene from the other has a condition called sickle cell trait. Sickle cell trait produces no symptoms or problems for most people. Sickle Cell Anemia can neither be contracted nor passed on to another person. The severity of sickle cell disease varies greatly. Some people with sickle cell disease lead lives that are nearly normal. Others are less fortunate, and can suffer from a variety of conditions. Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by a change in the chemical composition of the protein hemoglobin which is responsible for delivering oxygen throughout our bodies. Normal hemoglobin is found as a round shape, and is composed of four proteins – two alpha chains and two beta chains. The change that causes Sickle Cell Anemia occurs when an amino acid called valine is substituted for glutamic acid in both of the beta chains. This change in the composure of hemoglobin causes the shape to change when under certain conditions. Two of these conditions are low oxygen and dehydration. The hemoglobin of a person with Sickle Cell Anemia then becomes elongated and curved, hence the name sickle cell. When this happens many problems can occur, primarily blood clotting which leads to a lack of oxygen in body tissues. Other negative affects of Sickle Cell Anemia are a weakened heart because it is constantly overworked. Also, bone marrow is affected and bones become softer than usual. Whi le there is no cure for Sickle Cell Anemia there is treatment. The primary goal is to reduce the frequency of the Sickle Cell Anemia crisis episodes and maintain enough red blood cells to keep body tissues healthy.

Researched on magazines Essay

My magazine is called â€Å"Flava† and it is aimed at teenagers, as when I researched on magazines I found this one was quite popular. I spent 4 weeks on my magazine and put a lot of effort into it. Before I started to produce my magazine I planned out how I was going to set it out and what type of things I was going to include in it. I chose the above features, as they are the basic things included in a teenage magazine. I used Microsoft Publisher for the majority of it but I also used Microsoft word for things such as my real life stories. I found Publisher better because you get a wide variety of different backgrounds and formats whereas in Microsoft Word it is more basic. I used a number of different formats and fonts. I did a lot of research on the Internet using Yahoo and Google. I worked with another pupil in my class, Khiley Williams, and we both came up with our own ideas. The pages I produced was the, â€Å"Dear Angel† problem page, the album review of Christina Aguilera’s Stripped, dish of the day page, the real life story of â€Å"How I coped with Anorexia†, the front cover, the celebrity page (all the celebs dressed in black), and the whats hot and whats not page. The page which required the most research was the real life story but I also put a lot of effort into the front cover as I wanted to make it eye catching and interesting. I used Christina Aguilera on my front cover as she is hot and sexy and catches peoples eye as they look at the magazine. She is also a role model for a lot of young people so they would want to read anything that they see her on. The front of my magazine is bright pink as this also helps to draw people’s attention to it and would hopefully be intrigued as to what is inside it once they start looking over the cover. I used the band â€Å"Busted†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœs logo on my front cover as well as there is a feature on them inside the magazine. To get the logo I went onto the Official Busted website, www. busted. com, and had to cut, copy and paste it onto publisher. I then had to fill in its original red background with pink to match the background of my front cover. Also on the front cover, I have included the price, a barcode and a logo, â€Å"Girls with taste get Flava†. For my barcode I used the search engine â€Å"Google† and typed in barcodes. I found one and cut copied and pasted again.

Red Riding Hood Essay

How would you categorize the point of view [e. g. , first-person, second-person (i. e. , â€Å"you†), third-person limited, third-person omniscient]? * Is the point of view consistent throughout the story (told from the same perspective), or does it shift at any points in the narrative? If so, make note of when and how those changes occur. ) * How does point of view shape your reading of the work? In what ways does it contribute to or detract from your reading of the work? * How does point of view relate to the story’s themes or content? Your initial post should be at least 150 words in length. Support your claims with examples from the text, and properly cite any references. Respond to at least two of your classmates’ posts by Day 7. I chose to analyze â€Å"Little Red Riding Hood. The point of view is third person limited. The story is narrated as though the writer was watching over and retelling the story as it takes place. The point of view is consistent throughout its entirety. There is quoted dialogue from each character, especially when Little Red Riding Hood arrives at the Grandmother’s house and is comparing the features of the Wolf to the Grandmother. I struggled to remove the images I have stored in my mind from the storybook that I read of this over and over as a small child. I remember that in the picture-book the Wolf was drooling over Little Red Riding Hood because he was planning to eat her. The innocence of Little Red Riding Hood prevails as she continues to keep questioning Wolf about his features like the size of his hands, ears and eventually his mouth. I don’t know if it seems to change POV during this part of the story or if it because in my mind I no long hear a narrator’s voice. It may also be due to this being the climax of the story. I just felt it was important to note that instance as I read the story. I feel that third person limited point of view is a perfect way to tell this type of story as long as the author is able to portray the character’s nature well before the story is underway. For instance, if the reader is not informed that in some way that Little Red Riding hood is an innocent and compliant little girl (protagonist) and that the nature of a wolf (antagonist) is to kill and eat his prey by any means available, then the entire meaning may be misconstrued.

Parode and Related Terms in Ancient Greek Plays

Parode and Related Terms in Ancient Greek Plays Parode, also referred to as parodos and, in English, the entrance ode, is a term used in ancient Greek theater. The term could have two separate meanings. The first and more common meaning of parode is the first song sung by the chorus as it enters the orchestra in a Greek play. The parode typically follows the play’s prologue (opening dialogue). An exit ode is known as an exode. The second meaning of parode refers to a side entrance of a theater. Parodes allow side access to the stage for actors and to the orchestra for members of the chorus. In typical Greek theatres, there was a parode on each side of the stage. Since the choruses most often entered the stage from a side entrance while singing, the single word parode came to be used for both the side entrance and the first song. Structure of a Greek Tragedy The typical structure of a Greek tragedy is as follows: 1. Prologue: An opening dialogue  presenting the  tragedys topic  that took place before the entry of the chorus. 2. Parode (Entrance Ode):  The entry chant or song of the chorus, often in an anapestic (short-short-long) marching rhythm or meter of four feet per line. (A foot in poetry contains one stressed syllable and at least one unstressed syllable.) Following the parode, the chorus typically remains onstage throughout the remainder of the play. The parode and other choral odes usually involve the following parts, repeated in order several times: Strophà ª (Turn): A stanza in which the chorus moves in one direction (toward the altar).Antistrophà ª (Counter-Turn):  The following stanza, in which it moves in the opposite direction. The antistrophe is in the same meter as the strophe.Epode (After-Song): The epode is in a different, but related, meter to the strophe and antistrophe and is chanted by the chorus standing still. The epode is often omitted, so there may be a series of strophe-antistrophe pairs without intervening epodes. 3. Episode: There are several  episodes in which actors interact with the chorus. Episodes are typically sung or chanted. Each episode ends with a  stasimon. 4.  Stasimon (Stationary Song):  A choral ode in which the chorus may react to the preceding episode. 5.  Exode (Exit Ode):  The exit song of the chorus after the last episode. Structure of a Greek Comedy The typical Greek comedy had a slightly different structure than the typical Greek tragedy. The chorus is also larger in a traditional Greek comedy. The structure is as follows: 1. Prologue: Same as in the tragedy, including presenting the topic. 2. Parode (Entrance Ode): Same as in the tragedy, but the chorus takes up a position either for or against the hero. 3. Agà ´n (Contest): Two speakers debate the topic, and the first speaker loses. Choral songs may occur towards the end. 4. Parabasis (Coming Forward): After the other characters have left the stage, the chorus members remove their masks and step out of character to address the audience. First, the chorus leader chants in anapests (eight feet per line) about some important, topical issue, usually ending with a breathless tongue twister. Next, the chorus sings, and there are typically four parts to the choral performance: Ode: Sung by one-half of the chorus and addressed to a god.Epirrhema (Afterword): A satyric or advisory chant (eight trochees [accented-unaccented syllables] per line) on contemporary issues by the leader of that half-chorus.Antode (Answering Ode): An answering song by the other half of the chorus in the same meter as the ode.Antepirrhema (Answering Afterword):  An answering chant by the leader of the second half-chorus, which leads back to the comedy. 5. Episode: Similar to what takes place in the tragedy. 6. Exode (Exit Song): Also similar to what takes place in the tragedy.

Dalai Lamas Vancouver Peace Summit Comments

Dalai Lama's Vancouver Peace Summit Comments About a month ago, the Dalai Lama said something about women that is just now making the rounds on Twitter. His statement, The world will be saved by the western woman, was delivered during the Vancouver Peace Summit 2009, which opened on the morning of Sunday, September 27th. Although Im still trying to track down a transcript of the speech containing the above statement, the Dalai Lama participated in more than one panel discussion that day, and the event most likely to have provoked such a strongly worded declaration was the Nobel Laureates in Dialogue: Connecting for Peace presentation held that afternoon. Moderated by former Irish president and peace activist Mary Robinson, the panel discussion featured four Nobel Peace Prize Laureates: the Dalai Lama (who won in 1989); Mairead Maguire and Betty Williams, founders of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement and winners of the Nobel in 1976; and anti-landmine crusader Jody Williams, an American peace prize winner in 1997. If the western woman statement were made in the context of the Dalai Lamas appearance with these extraordinary women, the words would seem less stunning than sensible. Truly, these western women have already changed the world, and have been doing so for more than three decades. Writing for the Interaction Institute for Social Change (IISC) blog, executive director Marianne Hughes ponders the idea of the aging women as hag (originally a representation of feminine power) and how it relates to the Dalai Lamas statement: Im not entirely sure what he meant...but I am wondering if when he travels across the globe and sees so many of our sisters impoverished and repressed he sees western women of all ages in a position to speak out for justice and to take on the responsibilities of the hag... to take loving care of the planet and its people. The Dalai Lamas comment about western women was not the only notable pro-female statement he made during the summit. In the Vancouver Sun,  Amy OBrian quotes others including a call for increased emphasis on the promotion of women to positions of influence. In response to a moderators question about what he sees as priorities in the quest for world peace, heres what the Dalai Lama said: Some people may call me a feminist...But we need more effort to promote basic human values - human compassion, human affection. And in that respect, females have more sensitivity for others pain and suffering. World-saving aside, women do what they do because its work that needs to be done. None of them do it with an eye toward winning a Nobel Peace Prize, but the acknowledgment is valuable in that it draws attention to these efforts and eases the ever-present fund-raising struggle...and recruits more followers, like those who are retweeting the Dalai Lamas statement. Hopefully every woman who forwards those words will dig down deep enough to find the source of his inspiration and understand that he honors real women whose work continues day in, day out...regardless of whether theyre in the limelight or not.

David Byrne as a multidisciplinary sound artist Speech or Presentation

David Byrne as a multidisciplinary sound artist - Speech or Presentation Example Recently, his collaboration album with Annie Clark, also known as St. Vincent has won him publicity, called Love Giant. His artistic skills are not only evident in his music, but also in the world of art. His artistic creations that include sound installations are an indication of this. He has also worked as a sculptor and an author. This paper will however focus on his works as a sound installer and as a musician (Semon 2). Musically, Byrne started playing musical instruments at an early age. he also listened to a variety of records by various artists of his time. This showed his immense interest in music, which kept growing with time. By the time he was in high school, he could comfortably play the guitar, accordion, and the violin. It was during his high school times that he started his music career in a duo called Bizadi. In the duo, he worked with a partner called Mark Kehoe. After high school, he attended the Rhode Island School of Design and the Maryland Institute College of A rt, but later dropped out and formed a group called â€Å"The Artistic† with his fellow student Chris Frantz. However, after a year in operation, the band was dissolved. It was Frantz’s girlfriend, Tina Weymouth, whom he co-founded the â€Å"Talking Heads† with in 1975. ... Between 1979 and 1981, he collaborated with Brian Eno in the album called â€Å"My Life in the Bush of Ghosts†. The album attracted considerable critical views since it used the early analogue sampling and found sounds. Sampling in music is the act of using the similar sound recording in a different song or record (DJ 3). Kate Bush described the album as having left a big mark in the popular music world. It was critically described as a pioneer work that would lay foundation for countless styles of music that are connected to electronics, ambience and third world music (Taylor n.p.). Another work by Byrne and Eno was â€Å"Everything That Happens Will Happen Today†. The album â€Å"My Life in the Bush of Ghosts† was re-leased in the year 2006 comprising of several bonus tracks (Miers n.p.). The extensive use of sampling on â€Å"My Life† is considered to be a ground breaking opportunity for all music styles. It was one of the first albums to use sampling e ver in the music industry. The album was recorded during a break between touring for fear of music and the record of remain in light. According to Gittins (12) Byrne declared that during their recordings, they used a normal drum kit, but replaced the bass drum with a card board. They replaced the snare drum with a frying pan. This made it very interesting for the group to make music from extra ordinary instruments. Rei Momo was released in the year 1989 and featured many Afro-Cuban, Afro-Hispanic, and Brazilian song styles that included merengue, Cuban Son, Samba, mambo cumbia, cha-cha-cha, bomba and charanga. Initially the album was released with more tracks on the cassette tape. In some of the pieces, he improved on certain works he had